What are the factors associated with grape root development? 1 Soil temperature root development and temperature are closely related. The starting temperature of European grape root activity is 7-9°C, the growth root temperature of growth root is 10-16°C, and the optimum temperature is 15-25°C. If the temperature exceeds 25°C, the root system is rapidly corked or died; the initial temperature of root growth is 16- At 19°C, a suitable temperature of 20-23.5°C, exceeding 24°C, root growth was inhibited. In spring, the temperature at which the roots begin to grow is slightly higher than the temperature at which the roots stop growing at the end of autumn and early winter. 2 Nutrient supply Some mineral elements must be kept near the plant to ensure that the root system continues to develop well, especially calcium and boron, boron deficiency affects calcium absorption, calcium deficiency causes root growth to stop, and boron deficiency causes root deformation and root tip death. . Root branches depend on the available nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the soil, and the supply of high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus to only a few roots can largely compensate for the limited supply of residual roots. When the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is very high, the effect of fertilization is not great or the plant has inhibitory growth effects. Potassium has a significant promoting effect on root formation, and potassium is involved in the metabolism and respiration of organic acids in the root system. Root development depends on the balance between various nutrients. 3 Soil Humidity Under water stress conditions, the above-ground part of the grape plant is more severe than the root system. Richards et al. pointed out that when the soil water potential is lower than -50 kPa, it has no effect on the root growth rate, but there is no root growth in soils that are dry at -1500 kPa. Under drought conditions, the reason why grape plants maintain their vigorous growth is that they can form deeper root systems with stronger root pressure than genetic insensitivity to low water potential. 4 Mechanical resistance Root systems can penetrate the area when the force generated by the growth of the root system is greater than the mechanical resistance of the soil it encounters. Penkov et al. reported that the root easily penetrates soils with a bulk density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm3, but when the bulk density is greater than 1.5 g/cm3, the root penetration ability decreases significantly. The ability of root penetration is affected by soil porosity, pore size and hardness. Roots cannot penetrate pores smaller than their diameter. If the pores are large enough to allow the root tip of the lateral root to pass through and the small root tip does not penetrate, then a highly branched root system will develop. Soil porosity is the main factor controlling the distribution and growth of grape roots. 5 Soil ventilation gas spreads through the soil pores to the plant roots. Soil tightness and water content directly affect the air pores in the soil. Soil pore size, continuity, and soil particle size affect the permeability of the gas diffusion space. Where moisture and pores are not limiting factors, the growth of roots can be further affected by the composition of air in the rhizosphere. When the annual density of oxygen concentration in the circulation of the annual grape in the pot was between 20% and 0, the stem elongation decreased steadily with the decrease of oxygen content, and 2% oxygen content could cause the grape to die. Grapes are sensitive to poor ventilation conditions. 6 Relationships between soil physical factors In grape production parks, the relationship between the above-mentioned physical factors is complex and changes, of which soil moisture is the most important factor, because it directly affects the soil ventilation conditions and mechanical resistance, indirectly affects the soil temperature and Nutrient use. By controlling the soil environment, such as irrigation time and method, location of fertilization, animal and microbial activity in the soil, and the degree of cohesion of the viscous core soil layer, it is possible to control the growth and function of the control roots and stems and leaves. Reference reading related instruments Root analyzer Accumulator Ceramic Italian Wall Hung ,Toilet Seat Vast Dragon Trading Limited , https://www.standingoven.com